Chapter 1 - Relations And Functions
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Science Math
Problem Set No. 1
Question 1:Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = 10x + 7. Find the function g: R → R such that g o f = f o g = 1R.
ANSWER:
It is given that f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 10x + 7.
One-one:
Let f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈R.
⇒ 10x + 7 = 10y + 7
⇒ x = y
∴ f is a one-one function.
Onto:
For y ∈ R, let y = 10x + 7.
Therefore, for any y ∈ R, there exists 
such that 
such that
∴ f is onto.
Therefore, f is one-one and onto.
Thus, f is an invertible function.
Let us define g: R → R as
Now, we have:
Hence, the required function g: R → R is defined as
.
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Question 2:Let f: W → W be defined as f(n) = n − 1, if is odd and f(n) = n + 1, if n is even. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f. Here, W is the set of all whole numbers.
ANSWER:
It is given that:
f: W → W is defined as
One-one:
Let f(n) = f(m).
It can be observed that if n is odd and m is even, then we will have n − 1 = m + 1.
⇒ n − m = 2
However, this is impossible.
Similarly, the possibility of n being even and m being odd can also be ignored under a similar argument.
∴Both n and m must be either odd or even.
Now, if both n and m are odd, then we have:
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n − 1 = m − 1 ⇒ n = m
Again, if both n and m are even, then we have:
f(n) = f(m) ⇒ n + 1 = m + 1 ⇒ n = m
∴f is one-one.
It is clear that any odd number 2r + 1 in co-domain N is the image of 2r in domain N and any even number 2r in co-domain N is the image of 2r + 1 in domain N.
∴f is onto.
Hence, f is an invertible function.
Let us define g: W → W as:
Now, when n is odd:
And, when n is even:
Similarly, when m is odd:
When m is even:
∴
Thus, f is invertible and the inverse of f is given by f—1 = g, which is the same as f.
Hence, the inverse of f is f itself.
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Question 3:If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2, find f(f(x)).
ANSWER:
It is given that f: R → R is defined as f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2.
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Question 4:Show that function f: R → {x ∈ R: −1 < x < 1} defined by f(x) =
, x ∈R is one-one and onto function.
ANSWER:
It is given that f: R → {x ∈ R: −1 < x < 1} is defined as f(x) =, x ∈R.
, x ∈R.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
It can be observed that if x is positive and y is negative, then we have:
Since x is positive and y is negative:
x > y ⇒ x − y > 0
But, 2xy is negative.
Then, 
.
.
Thus, the case of x being positive and y being negative can be ruled out.
Under a similar argument, x being negative and y being positive can also be ruled out
x and y have to be either positive or negative.
When x and y are both positive, we have:
When x and y are both negative, we have:
∴ f is one-one.
Now, let y ∈ R such that −1 < y < 1.
If x is negative, then there exists
such that
such that
If x is positive, then there exists
such that
such that
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is one-one and onto.
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Question 5:Show that the function f: R → R given by f(x) = x3 is injective.
ANSWER:
f: R → R is given as f(x) = x3.
Suppose f(x) = f(y), where x, y ∈ R.
⇒ x3 = y3… (1)
Now, we need to show that x = y.
Suppose x ≠ y, their cubes will also not be equal.
x3 ≠ y3
However, this will be a contradiction to (1).
∴ x = y
Hence, f is injective.
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Question 6:Give examples of two functions f: N → Z and g: Z → Z such that g o f is injective but g is not injective.(Hint: Consider f(x) = x and g(x) =
)
ANSWER:
Define f: N → Z as f(x) = x and g: Z → Z as g(x) =.
.
We first show that g is not injective.
It can be observed that:
g(−1) = 
g(1) = 
∴ g(−1) = g(1), but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ g is not injective.
Now, gof: N → Z is defined as
.
.
Let x, y ∈ N such that gof(x) = gof(y).
⇒ 
Since x and y ∈ N, both are positive.
Hence, gof is injective
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Question 7:Given examples of two functions f: N → N and g: N → N such that gof is onto but f is not onto.
(Hint: Consider f(x) = x + 1 and
ANSWER:
Define f: N → N by,
f(x) = x + 1
And, g: N → N by,
We first show that g is not onto.
For this, consider element 1 in co-domain N. It is clear that this element is not an image of any of the elements in domain N.
∴ f is not onto.
Now, gof: N → N is defined by,
Then, it is clear that for y ∈ N, there exists x = y ∈ N such that gof(x) = y.
Hence, gof is onto.
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Question 8:Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X.Define the relation R in P(X) as follows:For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A ⊂ B. Is R an equivalence relation on P(X)? Justify you answer:
ANSWER:
Since every set is a subset of itself, ARA for all A ∈ P(X).
∴R is reflexive.
Let ARB ⇒ A ⊂ B.
This cannot be implied to B ⊂ A.
For instance, if A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}, then it cannot be implied that B is related to A.
∴ R is not symmetric.
Further, if ARB and BRC, then A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C.
⇒ A ⊂ C
⇒ ARC
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is not an equivalence relation since it is not symmetric.
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Question 9:Given a non-empty set X, consider the binary operation *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) given by A * B = A ∩ B &mnForE; A, B in P(X) is the power set of X. Show that X is the identity element for this operation and X is the only invertible element in P(X) with respect to the operation*.
ANSWER:
It is given that
.
.
We know that
.
.
Thus, X is the identity element for the given binary operation *.
Now, an element
is invertible if there exists
such that
is invertible if there existssuch that
This case is possible only when A = X = B.
Thus, X is the only invertible element in P(X) with respect to the given operation*.
Hence, the given result is proved.
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Question 10:Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, … , n) to itself.
ANSWER:
Onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, … ,n} to itself is simply a permutation on n symbols 1, 2, …, n.
Thus, the total number of onto maps from {1, 2, … , n} to itself is the same as the total number of permutations on n symbols 1, 2, …, n, which is n!.
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Question 11:Let S = {a, b, c} and T = {1, 2, 3}. Find F−1 of the following functions F from S to T, if it exists.
(i)F = {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 1)} (ii) F = {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
ANSWER:
S = {a, b, c}, T = {1, 2, 3}
(i) F: S → T is defined as:
F = {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 1)}
⇒ F (a) = 3, F (b) = 2, F(c) = 1
Therefore, F−1: T → S is given by
F−1 = {(3, a), (2, b), (1, c)}.
(ii) F: S → T is defined as:
F = {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1)}
Since F (b) = F (c) = 1, F is not one-one.
Hence, F is not invertible i.e., F−1 does not exist.
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Question 12:Consider the binary operations*: R ×R → and o: R × R → R defined as 
and a o b = a, &mnForE;a, b ∈ R. Show that * is commutative but not associative, o is associative but not commutative. Further, show that &mnForE;a, b, c ∈ R, a*(b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c). [If it is so, we say that the operation * distributes over the operation o]. Does o distribute over *? Justify your answer.
ANSWER:
It is given that *: R ×R → and o: R × R → R is defined as
and a o b = a, &mnForE;a, b ∈ R.
For a, b ∈ R, we have:
∴a * b = b * a
∴ The operation * is commutative.
It can be observed that,
∴The operation * is not associative.
Now, consider the operation o:
It can be observed that 1 o 2 = 1 and 2 o 1 = 2.
∴1 o 2 ≠ 2 o 1 (where 1, 2 ∈ R)
∴The operation o is not commutative.
Let a, b, c ∈ R. Then, we have:
(a o b) o c = a o c = a
a o (b o c) = a o b = a
⇒ a o b) o c = a o (b o c)
∴ The operation o is associative.
Now, let a, b, c ∈ R, then we have:
a * (b o c) = a * b =
(a * b) o (a * c) =
Hence, a * (b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c).
Now,
1 o (2 * 3) =
(1 o 2) * (1 o 3) = 1 * 1 =
∴1 o (2 * 3) ≠ (1 o 2) * (1 o 3) (where 1, 2, 3 ∈ R)
The operation o does not distribute over *.Page No 30:
Question 13:Given a non-empty set X, let *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) be defined as A * B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A), &mnForE; A, B ∈ P(X). Show that the empty set Φ is the identity for the operation * and all the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A−1 = A. (Hint: (A − Φ) ∪ (Φ − A) = A and (A − A) ∪ (A − A) = A * A = Φ).
ANSWER:
It is given that *: P(X) × P(X) → P(X) is defined as
A * B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A) &mnForE; A, B ∈ P(X).
Let A ∈ P(X). Then, we have:
A * Φ = (A − Φ) ∪ (Φ − A) = A ∪ Φ = A
Φ * A = (Φ − A) ∪ (A − Φ) = Φ ∪ A = A
∴A * Φ = A = Φ * A. &mnForE; A ∈ P(X)
Thus, Φ is the identity element for the given operation*.
Now, an element A ∈ P(X) will be invertible if there exists B ∈ P(X) such that
A * B = Φ = B * A. (As Φ is the identity element)
Now, we observed that
.
.
Hence, all the elements A of P(X) are invertible with A−1 = A.
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Question 14:Define a binary operation *on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as
Show that zero is the identity for this operation and each element a ≠ 0 of the set is invertible with 6 − a being the inverse of a.
ANSWER:
Let X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The operation * on X is defined as:
An element e ∈ X is the identity element for the operation *, if
Thus, 0 is the identity element for the given operation *.
An element a ∈ X is invertible if there exists b∈ X such that a * b = 0 = b * a.
i.e.,
a = −b or b = 6 − a
But, X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and a, b ∈ X. Then, a ≠ −b.
∴b = 6 − a is the inverse of a &mnForE; a ∈ X.
Hence, the inverse of an element a ∈X, a ≠ 0 is 6 − a i.e., a−1 = 6 − a.
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Question 15:Let A = {−1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {−4, −2, 0, 2} and f, g: A → B be functions defined by f(x) = x2 − x, x ∈ A and
. Are f and g equal?Justify your answer. (Hint: One may note that two function f: A → B and g: A → B such that f(a) = g(a) &mnForE;a ∈A, are called equal functions).
ANSWER:
It is given that A = {−1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {−4, −2, 0, 2}.
Also, it is given that f, g: A → B are defined by f(x) = x2 − x, x ∈ A and.
.
It is observed that:
Hence, the functions f and g are equal.
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Question 16:Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of relations containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which are reflexive and symmetric but not transitive is(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
ANSWER:
The given set is A = {1, 2, 3}.
The smallest relation containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive is given by:
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 1)}
This is because relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∈ R.
Relation R is symmetric since (1, 2), (2, 1) ∈R and (1, 3), (3, 1) ∈R.
But relation R is not transitive as (3, 1), (1, 2) ∈ R, but (3, 2) ∉ R.
Now, if we add any two pairs (3, 2) and (2, 3) (or both) to relation R, then relation R will become transitive.
Hence, the total number of desired relations is one.
The correct answer is A.
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Question 17:Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
ANSWER:
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}.
The smallest equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is given by,
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Now, we are left with only four pairs i.e., (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 3), and (3, 1).
If we odd any one pair [say (2, 3)] to R1, then for symmetry we must add (3, 2). Also, for transitivity we are required to add (1, 3) and (3, 1).
Hence, the only equivalence relation (bigger than R1) is the universal relation.
This shows that the total number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is two.
The correct answer is B.
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Question 18:Let f: R → R be the Signum Function defined as
and g: R → R be the Greatest Integer Function given by g(x) = [x], where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then does fog and gof coincide in (0, 1]?
ANSWER:
It is given that,
f: R → R is defined as
Also, g: R → R is defined as g(x) = [x], where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Now, let x ∈ (0, 1].
Then, we have:
[x] = 1 if x = 1 and [x] = 0 if 0 < x < 1.
Thus, when x ∈ (0, 1), we have fog(x) = 0and gof (x) = 1.
Hence, fog and gof do not coincide in (0, 1].
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Question 19:Number of binary operations on the set {a, b} are(A) 10 (B) 16 (C) 20 (D) 8
ANSWER:
A binary operation * on {a, b} is a function from {a, b} × {a, b} → {a, b}
i.e., * is a function from {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)} → {a, b}.
Hence, the total number of binary operations on the set {a, b} is 24 i.e., 16.
The correct answer is B.